HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS – CHAPTER 6

1779 – Unfavorable opinion entertained of the islanders in consequence of the death of Cook – Death of Kalaniopuu – War of succession – Victories of Kamehameha – Kamehameha conquers Maui, Lanai and Molukai – Arrival of Captains Portlock and Dixon – Trade opened – Meare's visit – Trade – La Perouse visits Maui, 1786 – Maui, Lanai and Molokai rebel – Arrival of the Eleanora – Capture of boat and murder of a sailor – Metcali's bloody revenge – Fair American captured – John Young and Isaac Davis made prisoners – Difficulties between traders and the islanders – Kameharneha's indignation at the capture of the Fair American – Treatment of prisoners – Kaiana's ambitious views – Attempts on vessels – Vancouver's arrival – First notice of Kanmualii – Doedalus arrives at Oahu – Massacre of Lieutenant Hergest and Mr. Gooch – Avarice of chiefs – Intercourse with Vancouver – Kaahumanu – Princely hospitality – Jealousy of other chiefs – Cattle first introduced at Hawaii – Discipline of ships – Orders of the king – Widow of Kalaniopuu – Sham battle – Present to King George III – Transactions at Maui – Murderers executed at Oahu – Festival of Makahiki – Benevolent efforts of Vancouver – Theatrical entertainments – Cession of Hawaii – Departure of Vancouver – 1794

The news of the disastrous events recorded in the last chapter, produced an unfavorable impression in Europe and America, of the character of the islanders. Without fully comprehending the causes, they were judged to be a cruel race, and disposed to commit atrocities upon ships. For a number of years none ventured to touch at their shores.

The aged Kalaniopuu died at Kau, Hawaii, in April, 1782, after a reign of thirty years, and bequeathed his dominions to Kiwalao, his son, jointly with Kamehameha, who was to be subordinate to him. Kamehameha was the reputed nephew of Kalaniopuu, by his brother Keoua, but Kahekili, king of Maui, claimed his paternity. By this new arrangement, Kau, Puna and Hilo, the most fertile districts, fell to Kiwalao; and Kona, Kohala and Hamakua to Kamehameha. No sooner was the will made known than intrigues to defeat it were set in motion. In July following, after the season of mourning had ended, the Hilo chiefs being anxious to obtain the district of Kona, on the east side of Hawaii, on account of the calmness of the bordering sea, which made it a better fishing-ground, endeavored to excite their new ruler to wrest it from Kamehameha.

Having gained him over to their design, it was determined to execute it under the guise of paying funeral honors to his deceased father. A number of warriors, taking the corpse of Kalaniopuu with them, embarked in a war-canoe for Kona. On their way, Keeaumoku, a tried chieftain of Kamehameha, met them, and going on board, joined in the wail for the dead. From the appearance of the party, his suspicions were aroused, and he inquired where it was their intention to inter the body. They replied, at Kailua, the chief town of Kona. From this answer and the extraordinary haste they manifested, he suspected they designed surprising that place.

House Of Keawe – Tomb of the Kings Of Hawaii, at Honaunau

While off Honaunau, the place of sepulture of the ancient kings of Hawaii, they were overtaken by a violent rainsquall, which obliged them to land. The body was there deposited in the ancestral tomb of the kings of Hawaii, the house of Keawe, from whom all chiefs of pretensions to high nobility endeavor to trace their descent. Keeaumoku secretly left the party and hastened to Kamehameha to inform him of his suspicions.

Kiwalao and his followers remained to concert further measures, as it was their intention to conquer and apportion all Hawaii among themselves.

In the meantime information of their arrival and plans had been conveyed to Kamehameha, who immediately advanced to the camp of Kiwalao, and in an interview the two became apparently reconciled. Kiwalao endeavored to satisfy the rapacity of his chiefs, by dividing his own territories among them, but Keoua, his uncle, either not receiving a share proportionate to his desires, or being neglected in the apportionment, became enraged and marched off with his retainers, determined on war and plunder. Entering the territories of Kamehameha, he committed considerable devastation by cutting down cocoanut trees. In a skirmish several were killed on each side. The war having thus commenced, Kiwalao, unable further to resist the solicitations of his followers, joined Keoua, with all his forces, and a general engagement took place at Keei between the two rivals for Hawaii, which was continued for eight days with no decided advantage to either party. Kamehameha being next in rank and influence to Kiwalao, was heir to the entire island upon the death of his cousin; consequently, the struggle was obstinate and bloody. Keeaumoku, the chief who had discovered the designs of Kiwalao to Kamehameha, was seized by two of the warriors of the former, and badly wounded; one smiting him with a spear, and the other with a dagger, both exclaiming, in derision, "the weapon strikes the yellow-back crab." The anxiety of his enemies to secure as a trophy, a highly valued ornament made of a whale's tooth, which he wore about his neck, preserved his life. Kamehameha perceiving the danger of his favorite warrior, rallied the boldest of his troops and furiously charged the enemy.

In the melee, Kiwalao was knocked down by a stone. Keeaumoku, enabled to rise, rushed upon the fallen king, and with a shark's-teeth sword despatched him. The fate of their leader so dispirited his followers, that they were entirely routed. Some fled to the place of refuge at Honaunau, and others to the mountains, or sought safety by flight in canoes. Kamehameha was thus left master of the field, and lord of Hawaii.

Further opposition awaited him. Keoua and Keawemauhili, the principal instigators of the war, had fled to the mountains. The former obtained possession of Kau, and the latter the fine districts of Hilo and Puna. Three districts only sided with Kamehameha.

The rebel chiefs, however, were disturbed in their own domains, by commotions excited by dissatisfied subjects; one of whom being unsuccessful, went over, with all his retainers, to Kamehameha, and by his persuasions induced him to renew the war. An engagement, in which, from the obstinacy with which it was fought, received the name of Kauaawa (bitter contest) took place on a mountain in Kau. Neither party were able to claim the victory. Kamehameha actively followed up the contest, and marched upon Hilo, where in a skirmish he received a blow on his  forehead from a paddle, which well nigh terminated his career.

Kahekili, who had made himself master of Molokai, Lanai, Oahu and Maui, and was allied to Kaeo, sovereign of Kauai, in revenge for a fancied affront, sent succor to the enemies of Kamehameha; who, in retaliation, made a descent upon Maui, about the year 1790, while Kahekili was at Oahu. His son, a youth, encountered the invader at Wailuku, and was totally defeated. In this battle Kamehameha displayed much skill. His active mind turned every mistake of his enemy to his own advantage, and seized upon the most favorable moments for a charge or retreat. The prodigious strength for which he was remarkable, joined with great personal courage, which had already established for him a reputation for prowess throughout the group, availed his troops much.

When his bodily exertions were not needed, he remained quiet, issuing his orders with coolness and sagacity; if the line of battle wavered, he rushed to the thickest of the fight, encouraging his men with his deep-toned voice. Both parties fought with bravery; the engagement being in a narrow defile there was little room for flight. The carnage was dreadful; many were killed by being hustled off precipices; the waters of lao, a small stream, were damned by the bodies of the routed foe, and the engagement was ever after known as the Kepaniwai (stopping the water.) Kalanikupule, the prince, made his escape to Oahu.

While the war was thus prosecuted on Maui, Keoua quarreled with his friend, the ruler of Hilo, and slew him. Infatuated by his growing power, he again ravaged Kamehameha's provinces, and was opposed by Kaiana, one of his generals, a distinguished warrior of Kauai, who had been taken from that island by Captain Meares, in an English vessel, in 1787, and carried to Canton, where he attracted much attention by his shrewdness, elegance of form .and demeanor. He was six feet five inches high, well proportioned, and of a handsome countenance. The following year he returned in the Iphigenia, Captain Douglass, and not daring to land on Kauai, where, since his departure, his brother, influenced by a priest, had become inimical to him, he proceeded to Hawaii, and at the request of Kamehameha, settled there. This was in January, 17S9. His active mind and warlike disposition, with the store of European articles, including fire-arms and ammunition, which he possessed, made him a valuable acquisition. The more firmly to attach him to his interests, Kamehameha conferred upon him high rank and extensive possessions.

Before tracing the conquests of Kamehameha further, it is necessary to record the arrival of the first ships since the demise of Cook. They reached Kealakeakua Bay before the king left on his Maui expedition. By the natives they were called o Lo, and were noted by them for bringing the first beads.

They were the King George and Queen Charlotte, trading vessels from London, commanded by Captains Portlock and Dixon; the former of whom had made the last voyage with Captain Cook. On the 25th of May, 1786, they made Hawaii, and were soon surrounded by canoes, bringing off hogs and fruit, which were gladly exchanged for bits of iron. The next day they came to anchor, and were visited by a great number of natives, whose bearing was insolent and troublesome. No chief appeared to keep them in order, and the captains were obliged to drive them from the vessels. The character which the bay bore made them very cautious, and on the 27th, their fears had so far increased, that after firing several guns to frighten away the natives, they unmoored and made sail. Standing along the coast, they continued to traffic for swine and water; nails and buttons being given in exchange for calabashes of the latter.

June 1st, they anchored off the east end of Oahu, and supplied the natives with iron and trinkets. The islanders at this time appear to have been so well acquainted with the whites, as to manifest only a natural curiosity at what was novel. A party from the ships discovered Waikiki Bay, which, from not being exposed to the violence of the trade winds, soon became the favorite anchoring ground. Leaving Oahu, they again anchored at Waimea Bay, Kauai, where they remained until the 13th.

No difficulty was experienced on either island; the natives had acquired a fondness for foreign articles, for which they gladly exchanged their own manufactures, with a fairness which proves that they had begun to comprehend the old, though to them, new adage, "honesty is the best policy."

In the autumn, the same ships returned, and visited Hawaii and Maui, off which island a canoe with four men, completely exhausted with fatigue, were picked up. They were treated with great kindness, loaded with gifts, and sent ashore entirely recovered, to tell of the humanity of the white men.

The ships having arrived at Oahu, anchored in their former situation. Kahekili, the king, who was then a stout, well-made man of fifty years of age, went on board, and made inquiries in regard to his rival of Hawaii. While they lay there he was hospitable and attentive, but an old priest, who came frequently on board, informed Captain Portlock that there was a plot brewing to cut off both vessels. As no other evidence of such a design transpired, it was either a false report, or effectually checked by the vigilance constantly displayed by their crews, and dread of firearms; the effect of which the king, at his request, had been shown. In December they visited Kauai, and there met with Kaiana, brother to Kaeo, the chief ruler. Both showed them much kindness, and supplied them liberally with provisions.

In October, 1787, Captain Portlock again touched at Kauai, and his intercourse was as friendly as before. In his voyage he speaks feelingly of the oppression of the chiefs to the common people, of which he was a witness, and endeavored to influence the former, though without success, to treat their inferiors more humanely. The poorer classes were accustomed to come in their canoes to the ships from long distances, bringing their little store of provisions, which they would barter for iron or trinkets. No sooner, however, had they got them into their possession, than they would be rifled by some lazy chief who had been waiting the opportunity. This was submitted to without repining, as it was the custom of the country.

In August, 1787, Captain Meares, in the Nootka, arrived at the islands, and after experiencing a pleasant reception, took away with him Kaiana, who was desirous of visiting Britain. Douglass, the partner of Meares, touched at several of the islands in the ship Iphigenia, many times in that and the two succeeding years. He saluted the chiefs with heavy guns; it being first done with seven at Kawaihae Bay, for Kamehameha, who was highly delighted with the novel honor. The chief endeavored to procure a carpenter from him, and was successful in obtaining a swivel, some smaller fire-arms, and ammunition.

In July, 1789, a number of chiefs at Hawaii, conspired to seize the Iphigenia, but the friendly Kaiana, her late passenger, disclosed the plot. Kamehameha asserted his innocence of the design, though in the risings of his ambition, before his plans were matured, and his policy formed, the temptation to make himself master of a foreign ship may have been awakened. But no such idea was ever manifested; his sagacious mind early perceived the greater advantages to be derived from securing the friendship of his commercial visitors. About this period, numerous vessels, mostly English and American, visited the islands, and commenced a trade, which has ever since been actively pursued.

Several, among which was the Lady Washington, were fitted out by the merchants of Boston in 1785. Their reception varied according to the whims or policy of the contending chiefs. None were much molested, though some were annoyed by theft and the vexatious tricks of the natives. "Prices varied according to the caprice of the rulers. The more important articles of warfare were in demand, and abundantly supplied by thoughtless traders, who in some cases found them turned upon themselves. A taste for ardent spirits, which at first were exceedingly offensive, was gradually excited among the chiefs. Interest annually carried more vessels to their shores, and the same motive impelled a more judicious treatment of their visitors.

The much lamented La Perouse came to anchor, with his exploring frigates, at the leeward side of Maui, near the present town of Lahaina, on the 28th of May, 1786, a few days only after Portlock and Dixon reached Hawaii. He speaks favorably of the kind disposition of the inhabitants, and attributes the shrewdness manifested in their petty barter, to former communication with Spaniards. Frenchmen were the first Europeans of modern times who landed at Maui. Their stay was limited to two days, in which their intercourse with the inhabitants was very slight.

While the true state and value of this group were becoming known by these visits, and an interest in them gradually awakened, which led to a more extended intercourse, the wars of supremacy among the rival chiefs were vigorously prosecuted. The possession of fire-arms made their contests more bloody, but sooner decided.

During the contest which Kaiana sustained against Keoua, while his chief was on Maui, a most singular interposition of natural phenomena enabled him to triumph over his active opponent. At that period, it had a great effect over the minds of the natives, who, from that moment, considered their goddess Pele a favorer of the rising fortunes of Kamehameha.

The army of Keoua had separated into three divisions, marching at some distance from each other, and were descending from the volcano by three distinct paths, not greatly apart, and which running parallel with each other, led towards the habitable portion of Kau. The first division had not far advanced, when a heavy earthquake and eruption from the volcano took place. The ground shook so violently as to render it impossible either to stand still or proceed, and they reeled to and fro like drunken men. The noise accompanying this motion was awful, far exceeding thunder in loudness, while the sky, which hitherto had been unclouded, was filled with a shower of cinders and ashes, extending for many miles around.

Owing to the height to which they were first cast by the action of the crater, they cooled in their descent and did no injury, though a strong sulphurous gas was evolved, producing a suffocating sensation in the party exposed. However, they escaped with the loss of a few of their number scorched to death, and as soon as practicable hurried from the spot.

The rear party experienced a similar motion, accompanied by the like noises and showers, which quickly passed over. They then hastened to rejoin their comrades, but were met by an appalling sight. The central division lay stiffened in death; but so natural were the postures of many, that they did not discover that life was extinct until they had closely examined them. Some were lying in apparent slumber, while others were sitting upright, with their wives and children firmly locked in their embrace and noses pressed together, as in the act of salutation. Out of four hundred human beings, not one was alive.

A hog, belonging to one of the families, alone had been able to resist the effects of the sulphurous vapor, and was quietly rooting about them. Kamehameha having returned from Molokai 1791 joined forces with Kaiana, and easily routed the army of Keoua, dispirited by so sad an event.

Their leader was driven for shelter into the further part of Kau, and there remained a fugitive, until, having become wearied of his erratic life, he determined to surrender himself to the clemency of the conqueror. Accordingly, he went to the seaside, passing with the permission of Kaiana through his camp. He received much attention from the people some of whom foreboded his fate, and embarked with his most faithful followers and their effects for Kawaihae Bay, where Kamehameha was encamped.

The energy and ambition of Keoua having been prolific sources of trouble to him, that chief determined to rid himself of one who had proved so valiant a competitor, and whose claims to the supreme power, from his relationship to Kiwalao, would always be adverse to his own. Accordingly, secret instructions were issued to Keeaumoku, who having enticed Keoua to the land, assassinated him as he stepped from his canoe. Seven of his friends shared the same fate. The corpse was then taken to the neighboring heiau, and offered in sacrifice. This occurred in 1793. Some say that he was treacherously slain, against the wishes of Kamehameha; but as it was done in his presence, the statement is improbable. The whole island of Hawaii was now his by conquest; but his successes here were counterbalanced by reverses elsewhere. Maui, Lanai and Molokai, which had been but partially subdued, threw off the yoke, and again acknowledged Kahekili as their liege lord.

In the autumn of 1789, the American scow Eleanor, commanded by one Metcalf, arrived at Hawaii, and remained there trading during most of the succeeding winter. In the month of February, 1790, she anchored at Honuaula, Maui. Two of the chiefs of a neighboring place, called Oloalu, having heard of her arrival, went to Honuaula, and in the night stole her boat, which was moored under her stern. A watchman was in it, but had fallen asleep. So adroit were they, that he did not awake until they were near the shore. He then attempted to give the alarm, but was unheard. Before he could cry out again, one of the thieves killed him. The boat was taken ashore, and broken up for the sake of the iron, which was manufactured into awls and fish hooks. The chiefs returned to their own village, and for a while Honuaula was made to bear the brunt of a revengeful attack. One man was killed, and two made prisoners; one of whom being from Oloalu, gave information of the real criminals. Metcalf weighed anchor, and proceeded thither.

At the time of his arrival a taboo existed, which prevented any individual from putting off in a canoe under pain of being burnt to death. The bones of the murdered seaman, and the remains of the boat, for which a reward was offered, had been delivered up; and the natives supposing the anger of the captain appeased by the attack he had already made, innocently asked for the promised reward. This he said they should have. As soon as the taboo was annulled, multitudes of people from all parts of the island flocked to the ship to; trade. They were all ordered to lie with their canoes on the starboard side, which they did, not perceiving the means preparing for their destruction. If any lay off the bows or stern, they were pelted with stones, until they took the prescribed situation. The ports, which had been closed, were then hauled up, and the battery, charged with musket balls and nails, and depressed to bear into the thickest of the fleet, run out and fired among them. Metcalf stood in the gangway to witness the awful effect, and directed the volleys of musketry and small arms which were poured in to complete the destruction. One hundred individuals were said to have been killed outright, and vast numbers wounded. The natives dragged for their bodies with fish hooks, and collected the mangled masses upon the beach, where, to use their own expression, “their brains flowed out of their broken skulls."

After this horrible massacre of innocent wretches, Metcalf sailed for Hawaii, where, owing to the hostility which existed between the two islands, he was well received. But there was retribution in store for him.

In connection with the Eleanor, was a small schooner of twenty-six tons, the Fair American, a tender, manned with only five seamen, and commanded by Metcalfs son, a lad of eighteen years of age. This vessel arrived off Kavvaihae Bay in March, but did not fall in with her mate, which was a little farther to the westward. Kameeimoku, a high chief, who, for some trifling cause, had received a flogging from the elder Metcalf, while on board of his vessel, had resolved to revenge the insult upon the first whites that came within his reach. The smallness of the schooner, and the inexperience of her commander, afforded too favorable an opportunity to be overlooked.

Without the powerful motive which actuated his mind, she would have proved an almost irresistible temptation to the cupidity of savages, when away from her consort. Accordingly, with a number of his people, he boarded her, and carried many presents. While the attention of the youth and crew were occupied in receiving them, and in hearing news of his father, the savages pressed on board. Suddenly, the chief seized young Metcalf and threw him overboard, where he soon perished. The rest were massacred, except Isaac Davis, whose life was spared by one of the party, who bound up his wounds. He was then taken ashore, where he was kindly treated. The schooner was stranded and plundered.

John Young, boatswain of the Eleanor, had gone ashore on the 17th, but to his surprise, upon attempting to leave, was forbidden by Kamehameha, and in the evening learned of the capture of the schooner. The scow remained two days off Kealakekua Bay, firing guns for Young to return. This the king, after he heard of the massacre, would not permit, nor would he allow a canoe to go alongside, lest Metcalf should revenge himself, as at Maui; consequently he sailed without hearing of his loss.

While a general warfare raged through the group, and individual chieftains sought to add to their power by gaining possession of the more destructive weapons of the whites, it is to be supposed that serious misunderstandings would often arise. From the known treachery and avarice of savages, it cannot be doubted that the provocations sometimes originated with them. Some of the foreign commanders were men of little or no principle; the discipline preserved on board of their vessels corrupted their own crews, and excited the cupidity and dislike of the natives. Disturbances arose in consequence, and the captains seeking justice, and oftener mere retaliation, for real or fancied wrongs, too frequently, without due inquiry, vented their rage in deeds, scarcely inferior in wanton barbarity, or abuse of power and confidence, to the customs of the savages themselves. Men there were of that day, and the race is not altogether extinct, whose characters could be resolved into two principles lust and gain. To accomplish their desires, no action was too base or cruel. Such may be properly termed pirates; for their selfishness spared neither friend nor foe; the useful servant nor profitable ally; all were equally their victims.

Captain William Sturgis, an American ship-master, and good authority in this matter, having traded extensively both with the Hawaiians and the Indians on the Northwest Coast soon after this period, says, in a published lecture, that the loss of life and disasters which have occurred in voyages among these savages, were owing chiefly " to the bad faith and deceitfulness of the white man."

But the tales of the natives themselves, of injuries done them, when not well authenticated, are to be received with limitation. In the few years ensuing between Portlock's visit and Kamehameha's complete ascendency, some cases occurred where commanders of vessels fired upon the natives; or, acting upon the exigencies of the time, thoughtlessly did deeds which in their cooler moments would have been disapproved. The rapid growth of trade, and the general and increasing good will that prevailed, is sufficient evidence that the islanders appreciated the value of foreign commerce.

The two prisoners, Young and Davis, though rude and ignorant seamen, in moral education and religious knowledge, were far in advance of the most enlightened of those who held them in bondage. Kamehameha found in them tried and faithful servants, who more than repaid his protection, and the oppressed serf ever had reason to bless the humane influence they exerted over the mind of their arbitrary master. Equal consideration is due them from their own countrymen, and the mariners of other nations, who traded to their shores. They both rose to be chiefs of consequence, possessing to the last the confidence of high and low, and their history, particularly that of Young, will be found to be closely interwoven with that of their royal guardian. There were other white men on the islands at this time, runaways from ships, but chiefly of bad characters. Their influence, however, was greatly modified by the superior address and intelligence of these prisoners, and by the comparison which the natives necessarily drew between the two, which gave them their first definite notions of morality.

Kamehameha was highly indignant at the outrage committed by Kameeimoku, but his authority was not sufficiently established to authorize him to punish this violation of his policy. He rebuked him severely, and took possession of the schooner, which he caused to be hauled up and carefully preserved, to be returned to her owner, should he re-appear. Isaac Davis was immediately provided for, and treated with a degree of attention, which fully proved the sincerity of his sentiments. While reprimanding Kameeimoku, he is said to have shed tears.

The two seamen were immediately taken into the confidence of their patron, and both from him and other high chiefs, received valuable presents of estates on the sea-side. They made themselves so beloved, that popular opinion would not have permitted their departure had the king been inclined to let them go. They were carefully guarded whenever a vessel appeared in sight, and never suffered to go afloat; and if any one had been detected in carrying any correspondence for them on board a vessel, he would have been put to death; one was held responsible for the other, and their mutual fidelity deserves high praise. They made a joint but vain attempt to escape to Captain Colnett's ship, and had it not been for the active exertions of Kamehameha, who vigorously defended them, their lives would have been forfeited. After this, they became more contented in their new relations. Kaiana, who had lately become ambitious and turbulent, and had lost all sense of gratitude for the favors he had received from the whites, was their enemy, and conspired to take their lives; but the friendship of the other chiefs rendered the plot abortive. The attentions which he had received abroad, had given him a great opinion of his own. consequence. Possessing a stock of fire-arms and ammunition, he was desirous of seizing upon any traders that might come within his reach. Had Kamehameha coincided with his views, trade would have been ruined, and the Hawaiians would have acquired the character of pirates. But his plans were constantly overruled by the greater influence of his superior and his counselors. In one instance, it was nearly decided to attempt the capture of the Spanish sloop Princess Royal; the chief argument used for its legality was that she had been captured from the English; consequently there could be no harm in their taking her from the Spaniards. A sophism very agreeable to their covetous dispositions, and which at first met with little opposition. The pacific policy carried the point, however, even against so cogent a reason.

On the 9th the ships came to anchor at Waimea, Kauai. Their reception was neither hearty nor friendly. Gain was the all-impelling motive of the inhabitants; and as it was not to be acquired to the extent of their desires by trade, they strove to excite the sensual desires of the crews, by a display of gross wantonness, which tended rather to disgust than please.

Kaumualii – the eldest son of Kaeo, who was then at Maui – a boy of twelve years of age, visited the ships, and from his affability and cheerfulness created a favorable impression. The features the young prince were expressive vivacity and intelligence, and his inquiries and observations were considered as uncommon for a lad of his years. His conduct was indicative of a desire to please and to acquire information. But before either he or his guardian would venture on board, hostages were demanded for their safe return; and in all their transactions, an honesty of purpose manifested, with a discreet caution, which showed that the principles of trade had become well understood. A number of whites resided on the island, who made themselves useful to both parties.

The depopulation throughout the group, caused by the constant internal dissensions since Vancouver's first visit in 1778, struck him painfully. The town of Waimea had been reduced two thirds, and of all the chiefs then living, with whom he had been intimately acquainted, Kamehameha alone survived.

At this time attention was first drawn toward sandal wood, as an article of export. Two men had been left from a Boston brig by Captain Kendrick, on Kauai, to contract for several cargoes, and also to gather pearls; but it was not until many years afterward that the former was made an important branch of trade.

On the 11th of May, the same year, the Doedalus, an English national storeship, appeared on the north side of Oahu. The natives unaccustomed to the sight, greeted her appearance with many exclamations of affright and surprise. Some ran inland, and reported that " coral rocks were floating thither; " others vociferated, "prodigious, prodigious." The vessel lay off Waimea, while a party went ashore to procure water. It being brackish near the sea-side, they were obliged to roll the casks some distance up the stream, where it was pure. Having filled them, they made preparations to return, when a dispute arose between the seamen and natives, which terminated in the death of a Portuguese sailor. Lieut. Hergest, the commander of the shore expedition, with Mr. Gouch, the astronomer, unaware of the difficulty, had incautiously wandered from the party, and were surrounded by many of the islanders, who, hearing of the affray, immediately attacked these gentlemen.

The further account of this melancholy affair, I give literally from the native historian, by which it will be seen that from their own confession, it was a wanton murder.

"Kapaleiuka cast a stone against the chin of one of the foreigners, which knocked him down. When the natives on the other bank saw that one had fallen, they came to join in the fray.

The white man cried out with the pain inflicted, on which the natives said, 'They cry, indeed they are men perhaps, we thought them gods, their eyes were so bright.' One remonstrated, ' Be not in haste to kill the god Lonoikaoualii – for great Lono having been slain at Hawaii, this one remained, the great and powerful Pekeku this – he is a god.' This remonstrance was vain. The company in the boat returned and obtained their guns, and lay upon their oars. Those on board the vessel perceiving that some of their number had been slain, worked the vessel inland and fired on shore. The natives exclaimed, 'What is this whizzing?' One replied, 'Don't you know it is burning sand powder a deadly thing; it will burn perhaps this day and destroy our land. Perhaps we shall escape inasmuch as we have killed the two gods; had they lived among us, we had all been dead men!'  

The firing continued till evening, when the vessel took her departure."

The perpetrators of this cruel act were a lawless band, owing allegiance to no particular chief. The kings of the several islands, occupied with their wars of conquest, paid little attention to the affairs of the distant portions of their kingdoms, consequently a general license prevailed; and petty squabbles, robberies and murders were of frequent occurrence.

Vancouver returned from the Northwest Coast of America, and anchored off Kawaihae, Hawaii, February 14, 1793. A taboo then existed, by which the inhabitants were restricted from trading with any vessels, except for arms and ammunition. Through his firmness in refusing to purchase supplies with these articles, the taboo was remitted. Religious taboos were now of frequent occurrence, lasting for periods of several days each, during which, as in the holidays of the Roman Church, no business could be transacted. However, when the inconvenience attending them was great, the highest chiefs exercised an authority similar to the Pope's, and granted dispensations for their own benefit and that of their favorites. On the 19th, with the assistance of Kalaimoku, one of Kamehameha's chief counselors, he landed a bull and cow, which were all that remained of several cattle, which he had brought from California, with the benevolent design of introducing the breed of these valuable animals. The cow died soon after landing. The opposition which Kalaimoku made to aiding him in the landing, though he well knew they were a gift which would largely benefit the islanders, forcibly illustrates the avaricious spirit which pervaded all classes, and to which Kamehameha alone was superior. He objected to granting the use of his canoe, which was large and commodious, until a sufficient bribe was offered him; and this was subsequent to receiving presents suitable to his rank.

So greatly had trade increased, and the desire of the useful superseded the passion for ornaments, that trinkets no longer were of value, unless they were of a novel description. Woolen cloth, printed cottons, linen, hardware, and the staple articles of traffic, were in great demand. The islanders suffered in some instances from the shameless dishonesty of the civilized trader, who deceived them in the quantity and quality of goods. Muskets were sold, which burst upon the first fire, and often produced dangerous wounds. But these vile practices recoiled upon the heads of the offenders, for the natives soon learned to appreciate an holiest man, and to distinguish the good article from the bad, and were not long in becoming as keen in their mercantile transactions, as the shrewdest of their teachers. Vancouver also speaks in terms of just reprobation of some of their visitors, who after being supplied with provisions by the chiefs, departed without making any return.*

While cruising slowly along the western side of Hawaii, Kamehameha came off to the Discovery, bringing Young with him. Vancouver was agreeably disappointed in the change which a few years had made in the countenance of this celebrated warrior. The savage look which Captain King ascribed to him, had lost much of its expression of stern ferocity, while it retained its natural dignity and firmness. His carriage was majestic, and every action bespoke a mind which, under any circumstances, would have distinguished its possessor. His eyes were dark and piercing; in the words of one who not long after was well acquainted with him, he seemed capable of penetrating the designs and reading the thoughts of those about him; before his glance the most courageous quailed. His general deportment was frank, cheerful and generous. In form and stature a herculean savage; in abilities and character, a man that a more advanced country might have been proud to acknowledge as her son.

His sagacious mind seized upon every opportunity of improvement and aggrandizement. While the benevolent counsels of Vancouver could not repress the latter, they confirmed him in his peaceful and protecting policy toward foreigners. His bias, both from intellect and interest, lay toward them, and no other barbarian was more feared and respected by all classes, strangers and subjects, than this wonderful man. Cook's narrative presented him as a wonderful savage, ambitious, brave and resolute; Vancouver's intercourse showed him in the dawn of a ripened intellect, as possessing all the latter qualities, yet humane and hospitable. His character will be gradually pictured in the subsequent events of his active career; and the reader can then judge if this description do him justice.

Soon after his arrival on board, Kaahumanu, his favorite queen, with several of her relatives, followed him. This is the first notice we have of this woman, who afterwards proved herself a consort worthy of the greatest and best of her nation. She was then but sixteen, beautiful and pleasing. The ship was soon crowded with well-behaved visitors of high rank, among whom presents were distributed, which gave much satisfaction. Kamehameha received a scarlet coat, trimmed with gold lace, in which he promenaded the deck to the great admiration of his subjects.

February 22d, Vancouver anchored at Kealakeakua Bay. Kamehameha immediately put off in great state. He was dressed in a printed linen gown, given by Cook to Kalaniopuu, over which a magnificent feather cloak was thrown, which trailed upon the ground. His head was surmounted by an elegant helmet. Eleven large canoes, arranged so as to form two sides of an obtuse angle, formed his squadron. The largest, in which he \vas, had eighteen paddles on each side, and headed the procession.

It was a little in advance of the others, which followed its motions with the utmost precision, being guided by the orders of the king, who regulated the manoeuvres with great, skill. The fleet paddled around the vessel in a slow and solemn manner. The ten canoes were then ordered to form in a line under the stern, while his own was paddled with the utmost exertions of the crew, to the starboard side. When abreast of the gangway, notwithstanding the great speed with which it was shooting ahead, it was instantly stopped by a skillful back dip of the paddles.

Kamehameha then ascended the side, and taking the hand of Vancouver, inquired if he were sincerely a friend, and if the king of Great Britain were amicably disposed. These questions being satisfactorily answered, he saluted him by touching noses. Four -helmets of beautiful fabrication, were then presented, and the ten canoes ordered alongside. Each of them contained nine of the largest sized swine, which, with a prodigious quantity of fruits and vegetables, brought by a fleet of smaller canoes, were deposited on the decks of both vessels. Although the quantity was more than could be used, nothing was allowed to be returned.

Five cows, with some sheep, were carried ashore as a present to the king, who personally attended to their care. In addition to the princely gift he had already sent, he had prepared a large quantity of cloth, mats, and other articles of their manufacture, which, as there was not room on board for them, he ordered to be stored on shore, under the charge of an agent, who was made responsible for their final delivery. The presentation of all the large cattle to Kamehameha created some jealousy among the other chiefs. Kaiana coming on board, Kamehameha received him with a look of sullen gloom and austerity, indicative of the growing dissatisfaction between them. Both were equally ambitious. Kaiana sought to obtain his ends by violence and bloodshed. In his former patron he had found a steady opponent, and neither could brook an equal; though for the present, .policy prevented an open rupture.

Kaiana was civilly received and a handsome present accepted, though it could not be taken on board. Keeaumoku, the slayer of Keoua, who was present, \vas angry at this, as his present had been unconditionally declined. The king who had sat silent, with considerable warmth declared that there was no occasion to accept the present of any other chief besides himself, as he was fully capable of supplying all their wants. Vancouver, anxious to conciliate all, determined to regulate his conduct to these jealous chiefs according to their rank; treating the inferior with due respect and attention, while he paid principal court to Kamehameha, as one who, if he did not then possess absolute authority, would soon secure it from his superior force and abilities.

As it was necessary to erect an observatory ashore, and in the intercourse which would necessarily ensue in a long visit, there would be temptations to pilfer, and difficulties might arise from lack of discipline on one side, and the aggressions of evil disposed natives on the other, enemies to his government, or retainers of chiefs, over whom he had no positive control, Kamehameha desired that certain rules should be strictly observed. In promulgating them, he seems to have had forcibly in his mind, the sad results of the unrestrained license of Cook's crews, and the want of prudence and injudicious harshness of their commander.

On the part of Vancouver, he urged that the strictest discipline should be observed; that no individuals should be permitted to infringe upon their sacred observances, or in any way violate their places of religion; that none should stray about the country; and none but the principal chiefs be allowed to visit the vessels. In the day time, he would frequently come on board, and his presence would prevent any lawless conduct.

If any of the whites desired to travel, he would be responsible for their safety, and would supply them with confidential attendants, who should provide for all their wants, and regulate their conduct that it might not unintentionally offend. Should any theft or irregularities be committed, he would see that the offenders were severely punished. Orders were issued to all subjects requiring of them the strictest obedience to all the rules prescribing their intercourse with the whites. Vancouver with a cordiality that reflects credit upon his judgment, heartily co-operated with these reasonable desires; from the mutual respect of which may be reckoned the increase of good will, which rendered the visit so beneficial, and the departure so sad to both.

Kamehameha soon had occasion to prove his sincerity, by restoring some goods stolen by women who had been permitted to sleep on board. Kekupuohe, one of the widows of Kalaniopuu, visited Vancouver. It had been her fortune to witness in the wars that followed his death, the extirpation of almost all her race. She was then in honorable captivity, supported according to her rank by the conquerors of her family. He had once saved her life from the fury of some of his own revengeful relations, who in a public commotion had sought her destruction, and that of all her adherents.*

On the 4th of March, Kamehameha entertained the officers of the ships with a sham battle, between one hundred and fifty of the best of his warriors. They were divided into three parties, to represent the armies of his rivals, Kahekili and Kaeo, and his own. Their spears were blunted, and as the parties approached, taunts, menaces and vaunting speeches were uttered on either side to excite fury. The battle commenced by a discharge of spears, and was continued without any regard to order, each individual advancing or retreating at his will. Some of the most expert defied the whole body of their adversaries, fending with the spear they held in their left hand, those thrown at them, or catching them in their right and launching them back upon their opponents. In this exercise, none excelled the king; six spears were hurled at him at once; three he caught, two were parried, and the sixth nimbly avoided by a trifling inclination of his body.

The skirmish was succeeded by an engagement of a more military character, in which the chiefs bore a conspicuous part. Each was attended by a body guard, armed with long sharp lances or with barbed javelins. Their ranks were formed into corps or phalanxes. Both parties previous to the fight sat upon the ground with their lances pointed at each other, while their leaders argued with much energy for war or peace.

Not being able to agree upon the conditions of the latter, both parties arose, closed their ranks, and in serried columns slowly advanced. Their movements were made with much caution, each guarding with the greatest circumspection against any advantage which the other might seek; the wings were engaged with slings and other missiles, but the action depended upon the fate of one of the phalanxes. The ground was firmly disputed and the mutual lunges warded with great dexterity. Some of Kahekili's troops fell; upon which the opposing party with shouts rushed impetuously forward, and in the charge broke through the opposing ranks and gained the victory. Those who were supposed to be slain, were dragged by the heels over the beach, to be presented to the king; thence to the heiau, where they underwent a feigned sacrifice.

Vancouver strenuously exerted himself to bring about peace between the Hawaiians and the inhabitants of the leeward islands. The chiefs of the former listened deferentially to his arguments, but they produced but little real impression upon their minds, bent upon conquest, and strengthened in their views by the very attentions he had paid them. In return, they requested his assistance in bringing all the islands under their dominion, which was the true policy; for one effective government established over the group, would effectually stop the hostilities which petty and independent chieftains ever wage with each other.

Kamehameha made another valuable present to Vancouver on the eve of his departure for the leeward, and as the most valuable relic the island afforded, sent his own war-cloak, pierced with spear-holes, as a present to George III., with the injunction, that as it had been worn by no other person but himself, it must honor no other shoulders than those of His Britannic Majesty. Vancouver presented him with many useful articles, among which were carpenters' and agricultural tools. Other chiefs also received abundant evidence of his liberal spirit. Kamehameha made a final attempt to procure some of the coveted fire-arms, by observing that his canoe, which had been fitted by the sailmaker with a full suit of canvas sails, would look better if she had a few swivels mounted. But the magic "taboo King George," stopped all further hints.

On the 8th of March, the vessels left for Maui, and anchored in Lahaina roads on the 12th. Here the intercourse was amicable, and in an interview with the aged and infirm Kahekili and Kaeo, his arguments for peace produced more effect. They had been great losers in the contest; their dominions were almost in a state of anarchy, and Maui had been so ravaged that it was necessary to bring food from Oahu and Kauai for the support of their armies of observation, which were stationed on the east, to repel the anticipated invasion. Their poverty prevented them from making the usual presents; but this did not hinder Vancouver from treating them with the consideration due their station. Kaeo produced a lock of his hair which he had given him in token of amity, while with Cook at Kauai. He was then a fine looking young man, but the use of awa, as with most of the chiefs, had brought on premature decay.

These chiefs satisfied Vancouver of their innocence in regard to the murders at Oahu. By their orders, three men had already been executed; and they were disposed to do all that lay in their power to bring the remainder to condign punishment. Vancouver manifested a determination to chastise the guilty, with a proper discrimination of the innocent, which effectually convinced the natives that such deeds could not be done with impunity; that if the whites were the aggressors, they must suffer the consequences; and that impartial justice should be dealt to all. In his discourse with the leading men, he endeavored to convince them of the distinction between the whites, governed by principles of honesty and humanity, and those reckless traders whose pecuniary interests were pursued regardless of the cost of blood and suffering to others. The dire evils which such men have produced among savage tribes, are sufficient to make humanity weep, but should not blind us to the less conspicuous, but beneficial influence of others. Unfortunately, savage nature affords too fruitful a soil for the vices and diseases of civilization; grafted upon their own, were it not for the remedies which so closely follow in their train, they would speedily depopulate the fairest country and convert a blooming garden into a dreary waste.

Kalanikupule ruled over Oahu for his father. Upon the arrival of the vessels, three men were brought on board by his orders, and delivered up as those actively engaged in the death of Lieutenant Hergest, Mr. Gooch, and the seaman, with the request that they might be immediately executed. All possible care was evinced to ascertain the guilt of the prisoners; and though the evidence was not so complete as the importance of such a case demanded, yet the concurrent testimony of the natives themselves, pointed them out as the real criminals. After commenting upon the enormity of the crime, the evidence of their guilt, and the design of the punishment, they were delivered to their chiefs, one of whom, in the presence of a large concourse, having placed them in a double canoe, a short distance from the vessel, blew out their brains with a pistol. Their sentence was executed at Waikiki, on the 22d of March.

Some doubt has since existed as to these men being the real murderers; and it has been asserted that they were sacrificed by their chiefs to appease the anger of Vancouver, and that another man, who was really guilty, was afterwards shot at Honolulu, by the mate of a vessel; the natives viewing the act with indifference, esteeming it to be just retaliation. Even if this be true, Vancouver must be exonerated from acting prematurely. The evidence against them was strong; and if there be criminality in their execution, it lies on the heads of their own countrymen, and shows a baseness which few would be willing to attribute even to savages.

Vancouver having caused this salutary example to be made, next proceeded to Kauai. When midway between the two islands, they fell in with the finest canoe which they had yet seen. It was sixty one and a half feet long, with a proportionate depth and width, and finished off in a most workmanlike manner. It was made from an American pine log, which had drifted ashore in a perfectly sound condition on Kauai, where it had remained unwrought for some time; the islanders hoping a mate of equal dimensions might arrive, in which case they would have constructed a double canoe, which would have been their boast, and the terror of their enemies. Their patience becoming exhausted, they made the present one, which, from its buoyancy, was an admirable sea-boat, and was appropriated to carrying despatches to and from Kaeo, while he remained at the windward. Its size considerably exceeded the largest canoe made from native timber, but was not uncommon for pine trees on the banks of the Columbia river, where, according to Douglass, they are to be met with from two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet in height.

In the canoe were messengers hastening to inform their absent ruler of a rebellion that had arisen, but had been fortunately quelled, with the loss on the part of the conspirators, of two chiefs and five men killed, and several wounded. As trophies of their success, they had the leg-bones of the chiefs, with a portion of the flesh adhering to them. A number of smaller canoes followed, filled with prisoners, whose fate was to be decided by Kaeo in person.

Upon his arrival off Kauai, the young prince Kaumualii again visited him. Vancouver remained two days, during which he was mostly employed in securing comfortable residences for two young girls, who had been carried from Niihau in an English vessel, some time before. At the request of the master, he had brought them from the American coast, and being much pleased with their beauty and amiability, exerted himself successfully to procure a favorable reception for them, from the chiefs of Kauai. But the wealth they carried ashore, he feared would prove too great a temptation to the cupidity of their countrymen, for them to dwell there long in safety. On the 30th of March, the ships sailed.

They returned for the last time in January, 1794, and arrived on the 9th off Hilo Bay, Hawaii, which, owing to unfavorable weather, he did not enter. Kamehameha, who was then residing there, went on board. At the urgent solicitations of Vancouver, he with his train remained until the ships arrived at their old station at Kealakekua. In doing this, he trenched upon one of their religious customs, to the strict observance of which he was strongly wedded. It was the festival of the New Year, and in the ceremonies he always bore a conspicuous part. It was called the "Makahiki," the name of the first day in their year, and lasted a long while, generally a month, being a sort of Saturnalia.

The people amused themselves with games, dances, theatrical performances and sham-fights, ft belonged to the highest chief to open the festival. Dressing himself in his richest armor, he embarked in a canoe at early light, and coasted the shore until sunrise, when he was obliged to land. The most expert and valiant of his warriors was stationed to receive him. As soon as he touched the beach, he threw three heavy spears at him in quick succession, at the distance of thirty paces. There was no jesting in this. Either one, if not avoided, would have killed him outright, or severely wounded him. The first was to be caught in his hand; with this he warded off the others, and then carried it into the heiau, with the point downwards. His entrance was the signal for the assembled multitude to commence their sports. During their continuance, all punishments were remitted, wars discontinued, and no person could leave the place where he commenced the holidays, until their expiration. Kamehameha, in after years, was advised to abolish a custom so dangerous to his person, but he answered, that "he was as able to catch a spear, as any one to throw it."

A Melodramatic Dance

On this occasion, he urged that it was necessary for him to obtain the sanction of the priests to his absence, but the arguments of his counselors, joined with those of the commander, who stated that there would be no opposition to his wishes, and the more cogent reason of further confirming his importance in the eyes of the other chiefs, by this opportunity of showing his intimacy with Vancouver, overcame his religious scruples. During the passage, numbers of his subjects came off and were surprised to find him on board, but were satisfied when he made known it was his own choice. The same boundless liberality of provisions and presents was shown as before. Kamehameha considered them as his guests, and everything was apportioned on a princely scale. The strictest attention to the customs and wants of the whites was required of all his subjects. Some of his own train could not overcome their propensity to pilfer, and five knives were missing when they went on shore; but upon representation to the king, he, much chagrined at the theft, compelled their restitution.

An instance of the cruel effects of the law of retaliation, occurred while the ships were at the island. In a spear exercise between a common man and the son of a chief, the former had the misfortune to wound the young noble, for which he was seized, his eyes scooped out, and at the expiration of two days he was put to death.

On February 1st, the keel of the first vessel built at the islands was laid. She was thirty-six feet long, with nine feet and a half beam, five feet hold, and was named the Britannia.

Through the influence of inimical chiefs, Kamehameha had been estranged and separated from his favorite Kaahumanu for a long time, on account of an alleged intimacy with Kaiana. Vancouver invited her on board, and by an artifice, induced the king to come off also; the parties met; Vancouver placed the queen's hand in his; his stern heart, softened at the distress of his wife, resisted no longer. Reconciliation, tears and a warm embrace ensued, but before leaving, the queen persuaded the captain to induce Kamehameha to promise upon their return to forego beating her. He also gave him useful hints for the discipline of his soldiers. By his counsel, trained bands, armed with muskets, were formed, which were to constitute a special body-guard, divided into regular watches for the day and night. These were drilled by his officers, until they constituted for the islands, an invincible force, devoted to the service of their chief.

He recommended his countrymen, John Young and Isaac Davis, to his confidence, being convinced from their good conduct, that they were worthy. He desired them to use every endeavor to establish peace, and to infuse a humane spirit into the domestic habits, warfare and government of the nation; above all, to devote themselves to the service of their benefactor, and to counteract the malicious designs of interested foreigners, who might be disposed to promote bloodshed, or defraud the natives of their lands. He wished to confine the number of white settlers to these two, or such others whom they could trust; but Kamehameha and the other chiefs, knew too well the value of foreign auxiliaries to be induced to banish them. There were but few on Hawaii, and those mostly of the better sort. Among them was one Howell, once a clergyman of the Church of England; afterward supercargo of a Boston brig, which he left at this island. Vancouver, with judgment that reflected much honor, while he did nothing to offend their idolatrous system, which would have at once ruined his influence, endeavored to direct Kamehameha's religious views into the true channel. He told him of the one true God, Creator, Ruler and Judge of all races; that their earthly deities were vain and foolish; their taboo system tyrannical and injudicious; and that if he desired it, he would request the king of England to send him a teacher of the true religion. His instructions seem to have made little impression upon the heart of the king, who, either from conviction or policy, was strongly attached to the idolatry of his country. Among his subjects he was considered favored of their gods, and he repaid their imaginary aid by a respect to their rites, which brought the priesthood into high repute. The early part of his reign may be considered as their happiest period. Church and State were in perfect harmony, acknowledging one head. Foreign influence, as yet, was not sufficient to create any general infidelity; the little that did exist made priestcraft more tenacious and active, and gave it a more powerful hold in the minds of the mass.

To confirm the general good-will and establish an amnesty for past troubles, Palea, the chief who stole the cutter of the Resolution, was allowed to visit the vessels; Kameeimoku, the murderer of young Metcalf and his crew, having humbled himself, and urged in justification of his revenge, the harsh treatment he had received from the father, obtained permission to come on board. He arrived at the bay in great state, attended by a thousand men. This act does not appear consistent with Vancouver's previous inflexibility in obtaining justice upon the death of his countrymen, at Oahu: In this instance the property was American, and the principal actor a high chief, whom it would have been difficult to secure, and whose death would have caused a hostility which would have led to dire revenge. Impunity for crime where wealth and rank are engaged, is not peculiar to the savage.

He was present at a feast given by Vancouver, when an incident transpired which shows how liable is the slightest misconception in the minds of savages to lead to fatal results. The Hawaiians were accustomed to obtain revenge by the means of powerful vegetable poisons, in the preparation of which a certain class, called poisoners, were skilled, and whose art was confined to themselves.

During the feast, liquor was freely passed about; Kamehameha accustomed to its use maintained his reason, but Kameeimoku was soon overpowered, and in its first effect, raved that the English chief had poisoned him. His followers were much excited, and one who had concealed an iron dagger, handled it nervously, while the deadliest passions gleamed from his visage. But Kamehameha, understanding the real cause, ordered the drunken chief to be carried out; he was soon relieved, and returned in perfectly good humor. Had any accident befallen him under the operation, the whites would have been charged with his murder.

A large concourse of people appeared at the bay, but the guards preserved admirable order. Dramatic entertainments were given in the open air, to an audience of four thousand people, all gaily appareled, and in excellent humor. At the commencement of the exhibition, a girl dressed in figured tapa, gathered about her waist, and spreading downwards after the fashion of a hoop petticoat, with slow illustrative gestures, recited a poem. After she concluded, some females of high rank, similarly dressed, with garlands of leaves on their heads and shoulders, appeared, attended by their customary retinues. The most profound respect was shown them. The music consisted of rude drums, beaten with great vehemence, to the noise of which their actions corresponded. They were at first highly graceful and spirited; their recitation was a compound of speaking and singing, in honor of the | princess Keopuolani, who was in captivity, some sixty miles distant. At each mention of her name, she being the female of highest rank living, every spectator was required to strip to the waist. The scene concluded with a libidinous and disgusting dance.

Dance of Females

Before leaving, Vancouver was convinced of the futility of his efforts to secure peace. The people of Maui made a descent upon Hawaii, but were driven off. He obtained from the king a taboo on the cattle landed, that none should be destroyed for ten years. This was rigidly observed, though they increased so rapidly and acquired such wildness as to become troublesome; destroying food, breaking down enclosures, and on one occasion, goring four natives to death. They were finally driven to the mountains. The women were to be allowed to eat of their flesh, though only on the same condition as dogs; the animal of which the men ate was to be entirely tabooed from them.

On the 21st of February, a great meeting of the chiefs was held on board the Discovery, for the purpose, as Vancouver writes, of ceding Hawaii to His Britannic Majesty, but as the natives, with more justice, state, "to request the king to protect our country." The conduct of Vancouver had done away all the bad impressions of Cook; the chiefs felt grateful for his kindness and the interest he manifested in their welfare.

They had also been led to believe that other countries looked with envious eyes upon their domains and trouble would ensue, unless protection was offered by the greatest naval power. But the prominent motive with them was selfishness; in return for the compliment they expected to derive real advantages; that England would aid them in uniting all the islands under the power of Hawaii and a consequence in the eyes of the world be imparted to them. Speeches were made on the occasion by Kamehameha, Kaiana, Kalaimoku, Keeaumoku and others, in which these expected advantages were set forth; the chief topic was the necessity of chastising their contumacious enemies. The chiefs, as if apprehensive of yielding more than they intended, expressly reserved to themselves the right of sovereignty, and the entire regulation of their domestic concerns. In case of disturbance from other powers, they were to be considered nominally as subjects of Great Britain. The English evidently exceeded the right granted them; Mr. Puget went ashore, hoisted the English colors and took possession of the island in the name of His Britannic Majesty, leaving an inscription on copper to that effect in the house of the king.* A salute was then fired, and the natives shouted "Kanaka no Beritane," we are men of Britain.

Kamehameha, Kaahumanu, Young  and Davis staid on board the Discovery with Vancouver to the last moment, and manifested much emotion at his departure. The English seamen, although they now had it at their option to depart, chose to return on shore and remain. The wealth, distinctions and families which they possessed, joined with the sincere friendship of their munificent patron and preserver of their lives, were more powerful inducements than the love of their native land, where a sailor's hard lot would have awaited them.

The visit of Vancouver was beneficial to both races. With his own countrymen, it placed the character of the natives in a better light, and made the rising genius of their chief known to the world. The knowledge that a powerful nation felt a deep interest in them, was a check both upon any malpractices they might be disposed to commit, and the evil designs of the whites. It enlightened the policy of Kamehameha, strengthened his resources, and rendered his remaining conquests easier and more readily secured. Foreigners in I his successes felt their own interests to i be promoted, and what under other circumstances would have been looked upon as a violent usurpation, came to be viewed as a matter of expediency and | advantage, and even of real utility to the islanders themselves.

Before leaving, he learned of an attempt of the natives of Kauai, instigated by a few renegade seamen, to get possession of the brig Hancock, of Boston. It was to have been done by scuttling her, and before she sunk, to haul her upon the reef, under the pretence of saving the cargo, which was to have been plundered. The design was frustrated.

The natives of the leeward-most island, unrestrained by the power of any dominant chief, had become more bold in their villainy. The dissensions continuing to increase, Captain Brown, of the Butterworth, a London ship trading at the islands, took Kahekili to Kauai in his vessel. By his assistance, Kahekili was enabled to place affairs in a more favorable situation.

Vancouver touched again at Kauai, and was entertained by a dance, in which six hundred women, dressed in figured tapas, took a part. Their voices were pleasing, motions graceful, and not of that licentious description he had witnessed at Hawaii. The recitations were varied and harmonious. On the middle of March, 1794, he took his final departure.

Vancouver left behind him a character which the most distinguished of his profession might be proud of possessing. Had the intercourse of those of his countrymen who succeeded him been conducted upon the same benevolent principles, the natives of the Hawaiian Islands would have been unalterably bound to English interests and feelings. His memory is still dear to those who knew him. Many chiefs, long after his departure, looked for his revisit, which he had given them reason to suppose would take place. As the attachment was mutual, it is probable that his untimely death alone terminated his intentions. He promised the chiefs to return, accompanied by missionaries to teach them a better religion, and artisans to aid them in civilization. A high rank was to have been his, and he would have resided among them, either a resident with authority from his government to protect and promote their interests, or by his own judgment to direct their councils. His plan appears to have been, to have Christianized and civilized them, fostered and protected in his relations by the English ministry.

The result would have proved beneficial, and civilization been advanced twenty years. The islanders might then have been confirmed in their English predilections, and the wish of Meares eventually fulfilled, that "one day, half a million of human beings inhabiting these islands may be ranked among the civilized subjects of the British empire."

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